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更新日期：2019-06-14
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An anchor is a device, normally made of metal used to connect a vessel to the bed of a body of water to prevent the craft from drifting due to wind or current. The word derives from Latin ancora which itself comes from the Greek ἄγκυρα.
Anchors can either be temporary or permanent. Permanent anchors are used in the creation of a mooring, and are rarely moved a specialist service is normally needed to move or maintain them. Vessels carry one or more temporary anchors which may be of different designs and weights.
Anchors achieve holding power either by hooking into the seabed via sheer mass or a combination of the two. Permanent moorings use large masses commonly a block or slab of concrete resting on the seabed. Semi-permanent mooring anchors such as mushroom anchors and large ship's anchors derive a significant portion of their holding power from their mass, while also hooking or embedding in the bottom. Modern for smaller vessels have metal flukes which hook on to rocks on the bottom or bury themselves in soft seabed.
The vessel is attached to the anchor by the rode commonly called the anchor cable or anchor chain in larger vessels which is made of chain cable rope or a combination of these. The ratio of the length of rode to the water depth is known as the scope generally the rode should be between 5 and 10 times the depth of the seabed giving a scope of 5:1 or 10:1 the larger the number the shallower the angle is between the cable and the seafloor and the less upwards force is acting on the anchor. A 10:1 scope gives the greatest holding power but also allows for much more drifting due to the longer amount of cable paid out. Anchoring with sufficient scope and heavy chain rode brings the direction of strain close to parallel with the seabed. This is particularly important for light, modern anchors designed to bury in the bottom where scopes of 5– to 7-to-1 are common whereas heavy and moorings can use a scope of 3-to-1, or less.
Since all embed themselves in the bottom require the strain to be along the seabed anchors can be broken out of the bottom by shortening the rope until the vessel is directly above the anchor at this point the anchor chain is up and down in naval parlance. If necessary motoring slowly around the location of the anchor also helps dislodge it. Anchors are sometimes fitted with a tripping line attached to the crown by which they can be unhooked from rocks or coral.
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