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C°
The Centigrade scale, also known as the Celsius scale, is a temperature scale used by the International System of Units (SI).
As an SI derived unit, it is used by all countries except the United States, the Bahamas, Belize, the Cayman Islands and Liberia.
It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale.
The degree Celsius (°C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale or a unit to indicate a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty.
Before being renamed to honor Anders Celsius in 1948, the unit was called centigrade, from the Latin centum, which means 100, and gradus, which means steps.
From 1743 to 1954, the Celsius scale was based on 0 °C for the freezing point of water and 100 °C for the boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure.
Prior to 1743, the scale was also based on the boiling and melting points of water, but the values were reversed (i.e. the boiling point was at 0 degrees and the melting point was at 100 degrees).
The 1743 scale reversal was proposed by Jean-Pierre Christin.
By international agreement, since 1954 the unit degree Celsius and the Celsius scale are defined by absolute zero and the triple point of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW), a specially purified water.
This definition also precisely relates the Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale, which defines the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature with symbol K.
Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible, is defined as being exactly 0 K and −273.15 °C.
The temperature of the triple point of water is defined as exactly 273.16 K (0.01 °C). This means that a temperature difference of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin are exactly the same.
°R:
This article is about the temperature scale.
For the idealized thermodynamic cycle for a steam engine, see Rankine cycle.
For the scale measuring recovery after stroke, see Modified Rankin Scale.
"°R" redirects here.
The Rankine scale (/ˈræŋkɪn/) is an absolute scale of thermodynamic temperature named after the Glasgow University engineer and physicist William John Macquorn Rankine, who proposed it in 1859.
(The Kelvin scale was first proposed in 1848.) It may be used in engineering systems where heat computations are done using degrees Fahrenheit.
The symbol for degrees Rankine is °R (or °Ra if necessary to distinguish it from the Rømer and Réaumur scales).
By analogy with kelvin, some authors term the unit rankine, omitting the degree symbol.
Zero on both the Kelvin and Rankine scales is absolute zero, but a temperature difference of one Rankine degree is defined as equal to one Fahrenheit degree, rather than the Celsius degree used on the Kelvin scale.
Thus, a temperature of 0 K (−273.15 °C; −459.67 °F) is equal to 0 °R, and a temperature of −458.67 °F equal to 1 °R.
The US National Institute of Standards and Technology recommends against using the degree symbol when using Rankine in NIST publications.
Some important temperatures relating the Rankine scale to other temperature scales are shown in the table below.
By the way, to convert between Centigrade and Rankine, you can use this application so easily. So if you need it, download and use it by now.
